Freedom of Expression: While public debate and criticism of the government were widespread, journalists and activists believed they were limited in their ability to criticize the government publicly on topics crossing unwritten red lines. Authorities arrested and detained citizens for expressing views deemed damaging to state officials and institutions, and citizens practiced self-restraint in expressing public criticism. Convicted terrorists had the same rights as other inmates but were held in prisons of varying degrees of security, determined by the danger posed by the prisoners. Attempts by new unions to form federations or confederations suffered similar challenges. Representatives of the National Autonomous Union for Public Administration Personnel (SNAPAP) stated that the union continued to function without official status. Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: In June the Associated Press (AP) reported that the government had forced an estimated 13,000 migrants over the previous 14 months to walk from Guezzam, Algeria, to Assamakka, Niger as part of the repatriation process. Algeria since December 18, 2019, is divided into 58 wilayas ().Prior to December 18, 2019, there were 48 provinces. The 58 provinces are divided into 1541 baladiyahs (municipalities).The capital city of a baladiyah, dara, or province, always gives those entities their name, even Algiers, the capital of the country gave it its name (El Djazayar, the Arabic name for both the city and the country). ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. The law established a national council to address childrens issues, gives judges authority to remove children from an abusive home, and allows sexually abused children to provide testimony on video rather than in court. See more Algiers Algiers ( al-Jazer, , Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. The law affirms the religiously based practice of allowing a man to marry as many as four wives. ), total: 21% (2020 est. Religious workers reported that they had access to prisoners during the year and authorities allowed detainees access to religious observance. The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor. Since the outbreak of violence in northern Mali in 2012, international observers reported an influx of individuals into Algeria across the Malian border inconsistent with traditional migratory movements. )permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est. )beer: 0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. A CNDH representative said the organization viewed the most serious human rights concerns as limits on socioeconomic rights, as well as limits on free speech. As a result, Algeria was divided into three
Intelligence activities fall under three intelligence directorates reporting to a presidential national security counselor and performing functions related specifically to internal, external, and technical security. )-$18.187 billion (2020 est. Each province was further subdivided into three territories. President of the Constitutional Council Mourad Medelci announced voter participation in the elections was just under 51 percent, a sharp drop from the slightly more than 74 percent turnout during the previous presidential election in 2009. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women reported that it ran 238 centers throughout the country that provided support for persons with intellectual, auditory, vision, and physical disabilitiesdown from 242 the previous year. The law requires all civil associations to apply for operating permission, and at years end several major civil associations remained unrecognized but tolerated. ), total: 28.9 yearsmale: 28.6 yearsfemale: 29.3 years (2020 est. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional restrictions on access to foreign exchange for imports, and import quotas for specific products, such as cars. Nevertheless, the UGTA remained the only union authorized to negotiate collective bargaining agreements. Impunity for police and security officials remained a problem, but the government provided information on actions taken against officials accused of wrongdoing. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, The government took steps to investigate, prosecute, or punish public officials who committed violations. )biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. At the end of the period of detention, the detainee has the right to request a medical examination by a physician of choice within the jurisdiction of the court. 1902-12-24: Parts of the military territories - the cercles marked with an asterisk (*) above, with minor
According to the ministry, organizations receive a receipt after submitting their application for accreditation, and after the time periods listed above, this slip is legally sufficient for them to begin operating, to open a bank account, and to rent office or event space. The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO Libel/Slander Laws: NGOs and observers criticized the law on defamation as vaguely drafted and said the definitions in the law failed to comport with internationally recognized norms. The law requires parties to ensure that at least 30 percent of the candidates on their electoral lists are women. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. LGBTI status is not, in itself, criminalized; however, LGBTI persons may face criminal prosecution under legal provisions concerning prostitution, public indecency, and associating with bad characters. Press outlets report taking extra caution before publishing articles critical of the government or government officials for fear of losing revenue from ANEP. The government continued to deny recognition to the General Autonomous Confederation of Workers in Algeria (CGATA), an independent trade union confederation that includes public and economic sector unions and committees. Since 2014, Algerias reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. and Guelma. ), electrification - total population: 99.4% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99.6% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 97% (2019), installed generating capacity: 21.694 million kW (2020 est. )-$16.954 billion (2019 est.). )from petroleum and other liquids: 57.867 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 633,500 bbl/day (2018 est. ), 27.5% of GDP (2017 est. Fekhar was released shortly thereafter, two years after his initial arrest. )spirits: 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The ILO tried to visit during the year but had to cancel the visit when the government was unable to guarantee that they would be able to meet with independent trade unions. During the year, the CNDH organized seminars and workshops on topics such as penitentiary reform and trafficking in persons. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. The new law also eliminated gender quotas in Parliament, and the June 2021 legislative elections saw female representation plummet. the same name, with a status nominally equal to the departments of European France. There were no significant reports regarding prison or detention center conditions that raised human rights concerns. However, the French language has continued to occupy an
The NGOs reported harassment and threats of imprisonment by government authorities. Arbitrary Arrest: Although the law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, authorities sometimes used vaguely worded provisions, such as inciting an unarmed gathering and insulting a government body, to arrest and detain individuals considered to be disturbing public order or criticizing the government. Religious texts distributed without authorization may be seized and destroyed. Algeria became independent in 1962. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. The law contains occupational health and safety standards that were not fully enforced. Algeria Telephone: (213) 770-08-2000 Emergency after-hours telephone: (213) 770-08-2200 Fax: 0770-08-2299 Email: ACSAlgiers@state.gov. Newspapers reported that the government restricted foreign tourists from traveling through trails in Tassili and Hoggar, as well as certain areas in and around Tamanrasset, due to security concerns. ), 151.633 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Section 6. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. Status of Government Respect for Religious There were five or six subdivisions. )industry: 39.3% (2017 est. International organizations reported some children had trouble in their attempts to integrate into the educational system but that migrants access to education was improving, particularly in the north of the country. Journalists from independent print and broadcast media expressed frustration over the difficulty of receiving information from public officials. If organizations fail to provide required information to the government or attempt to operate with or accept foreign funds without authorization, they are subject to fines between DZD 2,000 and DZD 5,000 ($17 and $43) and up to six months imprisonment. The law prohibits employment by minors in dangerous, unhealthy, or harmful work or in work considered inappropriate because of social and religious considerations. 1957-05-20: Thirty-four new arrondissements were created. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons, a. into the entities shown in this table (dep = department, div = division, arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision). The Ministry of Interior reported in March to a Senate session that approximately 500 illegal migrants try to enter the country daily along the countrys southern borders. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. Defendants have the right not to be compelled to testify or confess guilt, and they have the right to appeal. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. Regulations require the shareholders and managers of any radio or television channel to be Algerian citizens and prohibit them from broadcasting content that offends values anchored in Algerian society.. He appealed to the Constitutional Council without result. Ouled-Djellal arrondissement from Aumale department merged with Barika arrondissement of Stif department to become Barika
Should the detention be overturned, the defendant has the right to request compensation. note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. For the year the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women, reported that there were 1,127 logged cases of violence against women. The government allowed undeclared workers to gain credit for social security and retirement benefits for time spent in the informal economy if they repay any taxes owed after registering. According to the Ministry of Interior, there were 108,940 local and 1,293 national associations registered as of 2016. Declining oil prices have also reduced the governments ability to use state-driven growth to distribute rents and fund generous public subsidies, and the government has been under pressure to reduce spending. )$10,800 (2020 est. The constitution provides workers with the right to join and form unions of their choice, provided they are citizens. There is no single office charged with this task, but all labor inspectors are responsible for enforcing laws regarding child labor. The court appearance of suspects in terrorism cases is public. Intelligence services arrested journalist Said Chitour in June 2017 and accused him of sharing intelligence with a foreign power. Several candidates withdrew from the race, claiming that the outcome was a foregone conclusion. ), Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km), Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin, the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map, mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts, largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated, Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. Other Algerians headed to Europe seeking asylum, although France imposed restrictions. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. Over the past three years, the government has enacted incremental increases in some taxes, resulting in modest increases in prices for gasoline, cigarettes, alcohol, and certain imported goods, but it has refrained from reducing subsidies, particularly for education, healthcare, and housing programs. Security services prevented the meeting from taking place in the absence of an official authorization. The attendees moved their meetings elsewhere and were followed by police who ordered them to disperse. In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review. Discrimination: Although the constitution provides for gender equality, aspects of the law and traditional social practices discriminated against women. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algerias foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. Opposition party leaders complained that the government did not provide timely authorizations to hold rallies or party congresses. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The borders, except near the Mediterranean coast,
), total: 19.72 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 21.77 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 17.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est. The law presumes defendants are innocent and have the right to be present and to consult with an attorney provided at public expense if necessary. 03 / Select Countries You can add more than one country or area. The law does not permit those under age 18 to travel abroad without a guardians permission. No new trade unions were registered between January and September, and the government said it did not receive any applications. You can add more than one country or area. The ministry also issues and renews accreditation of foreign correspondents reporting in the country. Exploiters of child labor used methods allegedly learned via the internet to increase their mistreatment of children. NGOs also indicated that some migrants were denied treatment at healthcare facilities. A January 2017 decree established a commission within the Ministry of Religious Affairs to review imports of the Quran. Unions may recruit members at the workplace. Human rights activists and attorneys, however, asserted that some detainees were held without access to lawyers. Judges rarely refused prosecutorial requests to extend pretrial detention. While this legal mechanism exists, the high demand for employment in the country gave an advantage to employers seeking to exploit employees. Press and Media Freedom: The National Agency for Publishing and Advertising (ANEP) controls public advertising for print media. The government monitored certain email and social media sites. Press reported 107 protestors were injured along with 51 police and gendarmes. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. 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